Get WD40 or RUSTLICK spray. try Jimmying the top rubber top knobto one direction and it will come out of its slot from any one edge. From there try spraying wd40 or rustlick inside it and then fix the rubber knob back in place and operate the switch a couple of times.
THATS WHAT the RE GUY DID TO MY BIKE. My bike's hazard indicator switch too just died. My bike is still under warranty so i took it to ASC they did the same drill, applying muscle to press the switch, and then lifting the rubber top off and spraying with rustlick spray. Didnt work so they determined that either the cable/switch/cluster is faulty but they didnt have replacement for any of those hence asked me to wait for their call once the spares are in.
In your case you mentioned pressing it real hard made it work some time ago...so it may have carbon deposit and may work after spraying. If under warranty take it straight to ASC.
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For the second question, If you Really want reading material to understand Different parts of a bike (which i would assume would be to understand mostly about the motor and gear box and wiring) then find your nearest BE/BTech library and get hold of a book from syllabus about petrol engines/motor cycle engines and gear boxes.
Everything else can be found in Moto manufacturers Manual




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